father of shah jahan

Shah ab-ud-din Muhammad Khurram (Shah Jahan) was the third son to Emperor Jahangir. In 1611, his father married Nur Jehan, the widowed daughter of a Persian immigrant and the aunt of Arjumand Banu Begum. Shah Jahan was more radical in his thinking than his father and grandfather. Readers may recall mention of the ‘Shah Jahan’ Diamond during our interview with Anthony Spink in issue 34 of the Insider last year. In the image he is depicted with his three eldest sons during his accession ceremony. In his reign the famous Peacock Throne was made for the King. Still, at the emperor's real death, the two immediately became emperors, but it took another battle to assert the legitimacy of Khurram, who officially becomes Shah Jahân. [27] Later on, as empress, Mumtaz Mahal wielded immense power, such as being consulted by her husband in state matters and being responsible for the imperial seal, which allowed her to review official documents in their final draft. [28] Contemporary historians note that Princess Jahanara, aged 17, was so distressed by her mother's pain that she started distributing gems to the poor, hoping for divine intervention, and Shah Jahan was noted as being "paralysed by grief" and weeping fits. He erected several monuments, the most famous of which was the Taj Mahal. He was the founder of Shahjahanabad, now known as "Old Delhi". But this son did not arrive, and the succession to the throne, which took place long before the death of the Emperor, took place between Khurram and Shâhryâr, the legitimate one because he was carried by his military conquests and heir appointed by Jahângîr. [15], Just prior to Khurram's birth, a soothsayer had reportedly predicted to the childless Empress Ruqaiya Sultan Begum, Akbar's first wife and chief consort, that the still unborn child was destined for imperial greatness. A contemporary of Louis XIV of France, Shah Jahan ruled for thirty years. Shah Jahan's treasurer was Sheikh Farid, who founded the city of Faridabad. She continued to live there and spent the rest of her life serving the needy and the poor. This is highly searched video base on the fifth Mughal emperor Shah Jahan. Shah Jahan appointed Aurangzeb as Viceroy of the Deccan, consisting of Khandesh, Berar, Telangana, and Daulatabad. Shah Jahan died on 22 January 1666. The first years of Shah Jahan, years in which he was known as Prince Khurram, saw the young man receive a refined and cultivated education. But according to court chroniclers, his relationship with his other wives was more out of political consideration, and they enjoyed only the status of being royal wives. Shah Jahan, with the help of Jahanara, raped Mumtaz’s brother Shaista Khan’s wife several times. Shah Jahan was considered the most competent of Emperor Jahangir's four sons. War of Succession by Shahjahan's Sons Shah Jahan had four sons born of Mumtaz Mahal. The Mughal Emperor Humayun. Despite these episodes, the reign of Shah Jahan was generally a peaceful period during which the Empire was stable, politically. He had been Jahangir's finance minister and his son, Asaf Khan – Arjumand Banu's father – played an important role in the Mughal court, eventually serving as Chief Minister. The post was heavily armed with cannons, battleships, fortified walls, and other instruments of war. Arjumand was Asaf Khan's daughter and her marriage to Khurram consolidated Nur Jahan and Asaf Khan's positions at court. Prince Khurram resented the influence Nur Jahan held over his father and was angered at having to play second fiddle to her favourite Shahryar, his half-brother and her son-in-law. Ruler of the Mogul Empire (1627–58). After the death of her father, she returned back to her own palace. [41] Two million died of starvation, grocers sold dogs' flesh and mixed powdered bones with flour. Foreign affairs saw war with the Safavids and conflict with the Portuguese, and positive relations with the Ottoman Empire. [13] Shah Jahan recovered from his illness, but Emperor Aurangzeb put his father under house arrest in Agra Fort from July 1658 until his death in January 1666. In response to the devastation, Shah Jahan set up langar (free kitchens) for the victims of the famine. He owned the royal treasury and several precious stones such as the Kohinoor, worth around 23% of the world GDP during his time, and he has thus often been regarded as the wealthiest Indian in history.[11][12]. When the Persians besieged Kandahar, Nur Jahan was at the helm of the affairs. India at the time was a rich centre of the arts, crafts and architecture, and some of the best of the architects, artisans, craftsmen, painters and writers of the world resided in Shah Jahan's empire. She rapidly became an important member of Jahangir's court and, together with her brother Asaf Khan, wielded considerable influence. Jahanara became the First Lady (. After reciting the Kal'ma (Laa ilaaha ill allah) and verses from the Quran, Shah Jahan died, aged 74. His first act as ruler was to execute his chief rivals and imprison his stepmother Nur Jahan. She was the eldest child of Emperor Shah Jahan and his wife, Mumtaz Mahal. Shah Jahan was born in 1592 as Prince Khurram. [42], In 1632, Shah Jahan captured the fortress at Daulatabad, Maharashtra and imprisoned Husain Shah of the Nizam Shahi Kingdom of Ahmednagar. [22][full citation needed] As the third son, Khurram did not challenge the two major power blocs of the time, his father's and his step-brother's; thus, he enjoyed the benefits of imperial protection and luxury while being allowed to continue with his education and training. Although Shah Jahan fully recovered from his illness, Aurangzeb declared him incompetent to rule and put him under house arrest in Agra Fort. Shahab-ud-din Muhammad Khurram was born on 5 January 1592 in Lahore, in modern-day Pakistan, and was the third son of Prince Salim (later known as 'Jahangir' upon his accession). In January 1666, Shah Jahan fell ill. The body was taken to the Taj Mahal and was interred there next to the body of his beloved wife Mumtaz Mahal.[48]. He was also Khalifat Panahi ("Refuge of the Caliphate"), but Zill-i Allahi, or the "Shadow of God on Earth". [9] Under his reign, the Mughal Empire reached the peak of its cultural glory. Als Shah Jahan wegen eines Harnröhrenleidens im September 1657 in ernster Lebensgefahr schwebte, befürchteten seine jüngeren Söhne bereits Dara Shikohs Thronbesteigung in Delhi.Shah Jahan wurde zwar wieder halbwegs gesund, der Bruderkrieg war aber nicht mehr aufzuhalten; die Prinzen waren entschlossen, die Angelegenheit militärisch auszufechten. [14] He was laid to rest next to his wife in the Taj Mahal. It was also an honour for the empress as Shuja was a special favourite of his grandfather. [citation needed], Mumtaz Mahal died at age 38 (7 July 1631) while giving birth to Gauhar Ara Begum in Burhanpur. He studied a large number of disciplines and became a specialist in martial arts. He succeeded his father Emperor Jahangir and reigned from 1628 to 1658. [21], In 1605, his father succeeded to the throne, after crushing a rebellion by Prince Khusrau – Khurram remained distant from court politics and intrigues in the immediate aftermath of that event, which was apparently a conscious decision on Jahangir's part. He faced Dara's army nea… He was a staunch Muslim who was intolerant to Hindus. [16], As a child, Khurram received a broad education befitting his status as a Mughal prince, which included martial training and exposure to a wide variety of cultural arts, such as poetry and Hindustani classical music, most of which was inculcated, according to court chroniclers, by Akbar and Ruqaiya. Shah Jahan's chaplain Sayyid Muhammad Qanauji and Kazi Qurban of Agra came to the fort, moved his body to a nearby hall, washed it, enshrouded it and put it in a coffin of sandalwood. Evidence from the reign of Shah Jahan states that in 1648 the army consisted of 911,400 infantry, musketeers, and artillery men, and 185,000 Sowars commanded by princes and nobles. After winning the war of succession post the demise of his father Jahangir, Shah Jahan successfully ruled the empire for 30 years. While he was encamped in Baghdad, the Ottoman Sultan Murad IV met Shah Jahan's ambassadors, Mir Zarif and Mir Baraka, who presented 1000 pieces of finely embroidered cloth and even armour. "[18], Khurram remained with her until he turned almost 14. Jahanara took the side of Dara Shikoh in the struggle for the throne, when Shah Jahan was very ill. Dara had promised her to lift the ban on marriage for Mughal princesses, which Akbar had introduced, once he becomes the king. In addition, Khurram had two children from his first two wives. Sher Shah Suri The Mughal ... Shah Jahan III (titular) 1759–1760: Shah Alam II: 1760–1806: Jahan Shah IV (titular) 1788: Akbar II: 1806–1837: Bahadur Shah II: 1837–1857: Persian Inscriptions on Indian Monuments; Footnotes References. He was proclaimed emperor at Agra on Feb. 4, 1628. The first of fourteen children born to Shah Jahan's second wife, Shah Jahan's favourite and most influential daughter. [16] Ruqaiya assumed the primary responsibility for Khurram's upbringing and he grew up under her care. He is known as Shah Jahân, sometimes spelled Shah Jehan, but his official name is Shahab-ud-din Muhammad Shah Jahan. His body was interred at Taj Mahal, next to the body of his beloved wife Mumtaz Mahal [25], The prince would have to wait five years before he was married in 1612 (1021 AH), on a date selected by the court astrologers as most conducive to ensuring a happy marriage. At his death Shah Jahan built the Taj Mahal to serve as a tomb. Construction began in 1632 under the orders of the Great Mogul Emperor, Shah Jahan. Copyright 2013 - 2020 - Any reproduction prohibited without the authorization of the author. He was born as Prince Khurram on 5th January 1592, to Emperor Jahangir and his second wife, Jagat Gosini (a Rajput Princess). Succeeded his father as the sixth Mughal emperor after emerging victorious in the war of succession that took place after Shah Jahan's illness in 1657. Other Internet sites of the same author in He was chosen as successor to the throne after the death of his father in 1627. More epithets showed his secular and religious duties. During his reign the Marwari horse was introduced, becoming Shah Jahan's favourite, and various Mughal cannons were mass-produced in the Jaigarh Fort. He was fascinated by painting and jewelry,as his father Jahangir had been, and the fine arts flourished under Shah Jahan as they had in no previous reign. The administration has been centralized and the judiciary has increased. So she married the girl she had had from a first marriage with another son of Jahangir, Shahryar, hoping to have a male heir at his command. Many nobles possessed great wealth, too. Jahangir's death in late 1627 spurred a war of succession, from which Shah Jahan emerged victorious after much intrigue. Those put to death included his own brother Shahryar; his nephews Dawar and Garshasp, sons of Shah Jahan's previously executed brother Prince Khusrau; and his cousins Tahmuras and Hoshang, sons of the late Prince Daniyal Mirza. They met in their youth. Inheritance of power and wealth in the Mughal empire was not determined through primogeniture, but by princely sons competing to achieve military successes and consolidating their power at court. This Shah Jahan's first child born to his first wife. Asaf Khan’s sister and Shah Jahan’s old enemy Nur Jahan, survived until December 1645, but lived in retirement and never caused him trouble again. Later he took refuge in Udaipur Mewar with Maharaja Karan Singh II . Among those who survived are Jahanara Begum, Dara Shukoh, Shah Shuja, Roshanara Begum, Aurangzeb, Murad Baksh, Gauhara Begum. Upon his accession, he adopted new policies which reversed Akbar's treatment of non-Muslims. His successes in these campaigns led to Jahangir granting him the title of Shah Jahan (Persian: "King of the World") and raised his military rank and allowed him a special throne in his Durbar, an unprecedented honour for a prince, thus further solidifying his status as crown prince. Shah Jahan and his sons captured the city of Kandahar in 1638 from the Safavids, prompting the retaliation of the Persians led by their ruler Abbas II of Persia, who recaptured it in 1649. (Public domain) World of the Harem: Prisoners within Gilded Cages Under his rule, the empire became a huge military machine and the nobles and their contingents multiplied almost fourfold, as did the demands for more revenue from their citizens. In 1440, King Alexander I of Georgia refused to pay tribute to Jahan Shah. A rebellion of the Sikhs led by Guru Hargobind took place and in return Shah Jahan ordered the destruction of the Sikh gurudwara in Lahore. Begum was aging and had been unable to bear children, so Akbar wanted to finally fulfill her wish with a son. Shahanshah Al-Sultan al-'Azam wal Khaqan al-Mukarram, Malik-ul-Sultanat, Ala Hazrat Abu'l-Muzaffar Shahab ud-din Muhammad Shah Jahan I, Sahib-i-Qiran-i-Sani, Padshah Ghazi Zillu'llah, Firdaus-Ashiyani, Shahanshah—E—Sultanant Ul Hindiya Wal Mughaliya, Jahangir, Tuzk-e-Jahangiri; The Emperor's memoirs, Sufism and Society: Arrangements of the Mystical in the Muslim World, 1200–1800 edited by John Curry, Erik Ohlander, Page 141, Nasir-ud-din Muhammad Humayun, Mughal Emperor, Jalal-ud-din Muhammad Akbar, Mughal Emperor, Nur-ud-din Muhammad Jahangir, Mughal Emperor, "The World Economy (GDP) : Historical Statistics by Professor Angus Maddison", Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, "Monument of Love or Symbol of Maternal Death: The Story Behind the Taj Mahal", "The 5 most dominant economic empires of all time", "A Qutub Minar that not many knew even existed", "The Architecture of the Mughal Empire (North-Western Regions)", Shah Jahan's 353rd death anniversary observed at Taj Mahal at TwoCircles.net, History of Islam in India at IndiaNest.com, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shah_Jahan&oldid=996426721, All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Persian-language text, Articles with incomplete citations from March 2015, Articles with incomplete citations from September 2018, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2018, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015, Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Prince Khurram married Arjumand Banu Begum in May 1612. Born Prince Khurram, he was the son of Emperor Jahangir and his Hindu Rajput wife, Taj Bibi Bilqis Makani (13 May 1573 – 18 April 1619).. Shahabuddin Muhammad Shah Jahan (5 January 1592 – 22 January 1666) was the fifth Mughal Emperor of India from 1628 to 1658. Shah Jahan was particularly outraged by the activities of Jesuits in that region, notably when they were accused of abducting peasants. [32] He was defeated at Bilochpur in March 1623. [15] His mother was a Rajput princess from Marwar called Princess Jagat Gosaini (her official name in Mughal chronicles was Bilqis Makani). According to economist Angus Maddison, Mughal-era India's share of global gross domestic product (GDP) grew from 22.7% in 1600 to 24.4% in 1700, surpassing China to become the world's largest. The Pearl Mosque in Agra, the palace and the grand mosque in Delhi or the Throne of the Peacock, which is said to be worth millions of dollars, according to modern estimates, are all constructions of Shah Jahan. She was an active participant in the decisions made by Jahangir. [citation needed]Edward S. Holden writes, "He was flattered by some, envied by others, loved by none."[31]. The end of his father was not easy, as was the case for all these predecessors and some successors. [33] Prince Khurram succeeded to the Mughal throne as Abu ud-Muzaffar Shihab ud-Din Mohammad Sahib ud-Quiran ud-Thani Shah Jahan Padshah Ghazi (Urdu: شهاب الدین محمد خرم), or Shah Jahan. He was considered one of the greatest Mughals. His father rewarded him with the title of "Bahadur Shah Jahan", which indicated to all that he was the favorite to succeed to the throne. To distinguish free illustrations from others, see: "Khurram" was chosen by his grandfather, Emperor Akbar, whom Jahan shared a close relationship with. Her near and dear relatives acquired important positions in the Mughal court, termed as the Nur Jahan junta by historians. He also mounted a second military expedition against Georgia in 1444. Parents ate their own children. [30], In 1617, Khurram was directed to deal with the Lodis in the Deccan to secure the Empire's southern borders and to restore imperial control over the region. During Jahangir's closing years, Shah Jahan came into open conflict with Empress Nur Jahan, but his rebellion against his father, in 1622, was unsuccessful. Shah Jahan’s given name was Khurram; he received the titular name of Shah Jahan (literally, “ruler of the world”) in 1616 for his victories in the Deccan. [19], Prince Khurram showed extraordinary military talent. Shah Jahan continued striking coins in three metals i.e. When his father died in 1627, he went to Agra to claim the throne after killing all potential rivals the following year, he was crowned and he assumed the throne on 24th January 1628. Shahab-ud-din Muhammad Khurram[3] (Persian: شهاب‌الدین محمد خرم‎; 5 January 1592  – 22 January 1666),[7] better known by his regnal name, Shah Jahan (Persian: شاه جهان‎, lit. In various forms, Shah Jahan appropriated his Timurid background and grafted it onto his imperial legacy.[37]. This was an unusually long engagement for the time. He was killed in 1661 as per Aurangzeb's orders. In 1617, at the age of 25, he took the reins of an army and conquered the Deccan against Loddi, a victory that allowed his father to expand his territory on the southern border of the Empire. She bore him fourteen children, out of whom seven survived into adulthood. Aurangzeb, the third son, gathered a well-trained army and became its chief commander. When Shah Jahan became ill in 1658, Dara Shikoh (Mumtaz Mahal's eldest son) assumed the role of regent in his father's stead, which swiftly incurred the animosity of his brothers. Towards the end of his reign he had to fight more internal enemies like the Islamic rebellion of Ahmednagar, or pushing the Portuguese back to Bengal, recovering the Rajput kingdoms of Baglana and Bundelkhand to the west and north-west beyond Khyber. [34], His regnal name is divided into various parts. His pre-accession coins bear the name Khurram. It has been suggested that the blade was replaced when it was inherited by Shah Jahan (London 1982 and others), that the inscription was added to an earlier plain blade (London 2015) or that the commission took place at the start of Shah Jahan’s reign 1629-1636 (Paris 2017 and others). He was one of the greatest patrons of Mughal architecture. Uh ... More seriously, his reign is considered that of the climax of the Mughals. Upon learning of his assumption of the regency, his younger brothers, Shuja, Viceroy of Bengal, and Murad Baksh, Viceroy of Gujarat, declared their independence and marched upon Agra in order to claim their riches. He retained title until 1658, 30 years of reign during which he took the official title of "Al-Sultan al-'Azam wal Khaqan al-Mukarram, Abu'l-Muzaffar Shahab Uddin Muhammad, Sahib-i-Qiran -i-Sani, Shah Jahan Padshah Ghazi Zillu 'llah. These two first marriages are not marriages of love but of reason, coming to break the engagement which already united in 1907 the young Shah Jahan, still named by his name of "Khurram", with Arjumand Bano Begum, the granddaughter of a Persian nobleman, who was only 14 years old at that time. Shah Jahan was the fifth Mughal Emperor of India. Shah Jahan was a Muslim, as we can see from his constructions, especially the Taj Mahal. He married and had issue. His rule saw many grand building projects, including the Red Fort and the Shah Jahan Mosque. He put to death all of his rivals for the throne and crowned himself emperor in January 1628 in Agra, under the regnal title "Shah Jahan" (which was originally given to him as a princely title). ShahJahan was given the name of Mumtaz Mahal (Ornament of the Palace) when Prince Khurram acceded the throne and became … illegitimate because of the intrigues of the court. He also had the Peacock Throne, Takht e Taus, made to celebrate his rule. Shah Jahan lived in the jail for seven years and then he died. website is a private, unofficial site resulting from the compilation work of the works of different authors. Finial, Tamga of the Mughal Empire (combining a crescent and a spear pendant with the word Allah). The baby was Jahangir's third son. On the death of Jahangir on Oct. 29, 1627, disputes for the succession broke out, and Shah Jahan emerged successful. He surprised his world by taking an interest in architecture. [26], Though there was genuine love between the two, Arjumand Banu Begum was a politically astute woman and served as a crucial advisor and confidante to her husband. Coins began to be struck containing her name along with Jahangir's name. It has been on the tentative UNESCO World Heritage list since 1993.[51]. Shah Jahan won a number of battles for his father and was conferred the title of Shah Jahan or ‘King of the World’. Upon the death of Jahangir in 1627, the wazir Asaf Khan, who had long been a quiet partisan of Prince Khurram, acted with unexpected forcefulness and determination to forestall his sister the empress Nur Jahan's plans to place Prince Shahryar on the throne. But due to his measures in the financial and commercial fields, it was a period of general stability—the administration was centralised and court affairs systematised. She died unmarried. Besides, the court of the Emperor was, it seems, of a high quality and very impressive, for the European visitors of the time. Shah Jahan and the Mughal Army return after attending a congregation in the Jama Masjid, Delhi. The Mughal armies were unable to recapture it despite repeated sieges during the Mughal–Safavid War. Subsequently he increased his aura by winning different victories, still widening a little more the historical territory of the Mughals, but without ever reaching, however, to extend towards the West. [38][39] E. Dewick and Murray Titus, quoting Badshahnama, write that 76 temples in Benares were demolished on Shah Jahan's orders. However, Shah Jahan first married Princess Kandahari Begum, the daughter of a great-grandson of Shah Ismail I of Persia, with whom he had a daughter, his first child. During his reign as Emperor, he contributed immensely to architecture in India. Before her death, she gave away all her money to the poor and needy. [45][page needed], Shah Jahan gave orders in 1631 to Qasim Khan, the Mughal viceroy of Bengal, to drive out the Portuguese from their trading post at Port Hoogly. His reign ushered in the golden age of Mughal architecture. On 25 September 1632 the Mughal Army raised imperial banners and gained control over the Bandel region and the garrison was punished.[47]. Court intrigues, however, including Nur Jahan's decision to have her daughter from her first marriage wed Prince Khurram's youngest brother Shahzada Shahryar and her support for his claim to the throne led to much internal division. The name of Shah Jahan comes from Persian which means "King of the World". Silver rupee coin of Shah Jahan, from Patna. As a result, a complex political climate surrounded the Mughal court in Khurram's formative years. He obtained control of Prince Khurram's three sons who were under her care. Out in 1630–32 in Deccan, Gujarat and Khandesh as a tomb the campaign against Mewar, of. 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