nuclear fusion equation example

Fission and Fusion Reaction This missing mass is called mass defect, which is the nuclear energy, also known as the mass released from the reaction as neutrons, photons, or any other trajectories. The Sun generates its energy by nuclear fusion of hydrogen nuclei into helium. The transformations of particles must follow certain conservation laws, such as conservation of charge and baryon number, which is the total atomic mass number. The power of the energy in a fusion reaction is what drives the energy that is released from the sun and a lot of stars in the universe. Solving System Of Equations Using Ti 84. The deuterium-tritium reaction releases energy explosively. How much energy would be released if \(1.00\;g\) of \(\ce{^{235}U}\) were to undergo fission? As discussed in Section 20.2, the nucleus usually divides asymmetrically rather than into two equal parts, and the fission of a given nuclide does not give the same products every time. Calculate the amount of energy (in electronvolts per atom and kilojoules per mole) released when the neutron-induced fission of 235U produces 144Cs, 90Rb, and two neutrons: Asked for: energy released in electronvolts per atom and kilojoules per mole. If nuclear reaction is not controlled because of lack of cooling water for example, then a meltdown will occur. It is summarized in Figure 14-1, which is analogous to Figure 13-2 for nuclear fission. Pro Lite, CBSE Previous Year Question Paper for Class 10, CBSE Previous Year Question Paper for Class 12. However, a controlled fusion reaction has yet to be fully demonstrated due to many problems that present themselves including the difficulty of forcing deuterium and tritium nuclei within a close proximity, achieving high enough thermal energies, and completely ionizing gases into plasma. Sorry!, This page is not available for now to bookmark. Deuterium has an additional neutron in its nucleus; it can replace one of the ________ atoms in water to make and this is called_________ ( Ans: Hydrogen, heavy water ), 3. Chapters 31-32, example #8 nuclear fusion equations) youtube. Nuclear binding energy is the energy required to keep the protons and neutrons of a nucleus intact, and the energy that is released during a nuclear fission or fusion is nuclear power. The other reaction, that which initiates star burning, involves the fusion of two hydrogen nuclei to form deuterium (the H-H fusion reaction): H + H → D + β + + ν, where β + represents a positron and ν stands for a neutrino. In short, mass defect and nuclear binding energy are interchangeable terms. Examples of Nuclear Fission An example of nuclear fission is the splitting of Uranium-235. Fusion Reaction: Fusion reactions are the nuclear reactions where two or more nuclei fuse or combine together to form a bigger nucleus. Petrucci, Harwood, Herring, Madura. • Understand the conservation laws that apply to nuclear reactions. The result of nuclear fusion releases more energy than it takes to start the fusion so ΔG of the system is negative which means that the reaction is exothermic. How to solve fission and fusion equations with missing substances. Fission reactions on the other hand is the type used in nuclear power plants and can be controlled. How To Write Mathematical Equations In Coreldraw. Nuclear fusion is an attempt to replicate the processes of the Sun on Earth. Energy release in the nuclear fusion process can be calculated from the mass defect of the following equation, 2 1 H 1 + 2 0 n 1 → 2 He 4. The energy harnessed in nuclei is released in nuclear reactions. List the devices used to measure the radiation? The minimum mass capable of supporting sustained fission is called the critical mass. It's given off energy in the form of gamma rays in this example here. As in the nuclear transmutation reactions discussed in Section 20.2, the positive charge on both nuclei results in a large electrostatic energy barrier to fusion. • Compare and contrast nuclear fission and nuclear fusion. In a typical nuclear fission reaction, more than one neutron is released by each dividing nucleus. 3T (d, n) 4He The reaction yields ~17 MeV of energy per reaction but requires a enormous temperature of approximately 40 million Kelvins to overcome the coulomb barrier by the attractive nuclear force, which is stronger at close distances. When these neutrons collide with and induce fission in other neighboring nuclei, a self-sustaining series of nuclear fission reactions known as a nuclear chain reaction can result (Figure 21.6.2). A nucleus changes into a new element by emitting alpha. Fusion Reactions The concept of nuclear fusion has been described in Chapter 12. These changes are described using nuclear equations. Home » Equations » Nuclear Fusion Equations Examples. This hypothesis was confirmed by detecting the krypton-92 fission product. Example 21.6.3 and its corresponding exercise demonstrate the enormous amounts of energy produced by nuclear fission and fusion reactions. Nuclear fusion is the energy supplying process that occurs at extremely high temperatures like in stars such as the sun, where smaller nuclei are joined to make a larger nucleus, a process that gives off great amounts of heat and radiation. The mass defect and energy released for the above reaction = 0.03424 amu ≈ 28 MeV. Deuterium is plentifully available in regular water. Fission is the splitting of a heavy nucleus into lighter nuclei and fusion is the combining of nuclei to form a bigger and heavier nucleus. There are a … Missed the LibreFest? Identify the new nuclide produced. Example 8 nuclear fusion equations equation spontaneous fission in and solved 2h h 4mev 1 energy from this is an of reaction. As the nuclei of two light atoms are brought closer to each other, they become increasingly destabilized, due to the electric repulsion of their positive charges. ( Ans: E=mc, 2. Nuclear Fusion in the Sun KCVS. Other times, energy is added to a nucleus to overcome the nuclear binding energy holding the protons and neutrons together. Chapters 31 32 example 8 nuclear fusion equations 21 7 fission chemistry libretexts and reactions in the sun oklahoma space stuff pdf quantum tunneling reaction equation tessshlo. Pro Lite, Vedantu The fission of heavy elements is highly exothermic which releases about 200 million eV compared to burning coal which only gives a few eV. [ "article:topic", "fission", "fusion", "showtoc:no" ], \[2_1^2\textrm H\rightarrow \,_2^3\textrm{He}+\,_0^1\textrm n \label{21.6.12}\], \(_{92}^{235}\textrm U+\,_0^1\textrm n\rightarrow \,_{55}^{144}\textrm{Cs}+\,_{37}^{90}\textrm{Rb}+2_0^1\textrm n\), \(\begin{align}\Delta m&=\mathrm{mass_{products}}-\mathrm{mass_{reactants}}=\textrm{mass}(_{55}^{144}\textrm{Cs}+\,_{37}^{90}\textrm{Rb}+\,_0^1\textrm n)-\textrm{mass }\,_{92}^{235}\textrm U, \(\Delta E=(-0.188386\textrm{ amu})(931\textrm{ MeV/amu})=-175\textrm{ MeV}\), \(_1^2\textrm H+\,_1^3\textrm H\rightarrow \,_2^4\textrm{He}+\,_0^1\textrm n\), Contrasting Nuclear Fission and Nuclear Fusion, http://www.diffen.com/difference/Nuc...Nuclear_Fusion, information contact us at info@libretexts.org, status page at https://status.libretexts.org. Define the term radiation and explain its types? In its core, the Sun fuses 620 million metric tons of hydrogen each second. For example, the fission of 235U releases two to three neutrons per fission event. Regression Equation Formula. Cobalt-60 undergoes beta decay. Atomic bombs and hydrogen bombs are examples of uncontrolled nuclear reactions. Fusion is the process that powers active or main sequence stars and other high-magnitudestars… 8 a. Nuclear equations. The resulting fission products are highly radioactive, commonly undergoing \(\beta^-\) decay. Nuclear fission is the splitting of the nucleus of an atom into nuclei of lighter atoms, accompanied by the release of energy, brought on by a neutron bombardment. There are some things to consider however. The opposite occurs with nuclear fission. The mass of an element's nucleus as a whole is less than the total mass of its individual protons and neutrons. Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\): Scientists have yet to find a method for controlling fusion reactions. For example, in a typical fusion reaction, two deuterium atoms combine to produce helium-3, a process known as deuterium–deuterium fusion (D–D fusion): In another reaction, a deuterium atom and a tritium atom fuse to produce helium-4 (Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\)), a process known as deuterium–tritium fusion (D–T fusion): \[_1^2\textrm H+\,_1^3\textrm H\rightarrow \,_2^4\textrm{He}+\,_0^1\textrm n \label{21.6.13}\]. Fission and fusion chemistry libretexts. which releases \(3.20 \times 10^{-11}\; J\) per \(\ce{^{235}U}\) atom. 3) Three neutrons on average are released. Inman Press 2007. Success Criteria • Find missing reactants/products in nuclear equations. Initiating these reactions, however, requires a temperature comparable to that in the interior of the sun (approximately 1.5 × 107 K). Nuclear reactions may be shown in a form similar to chemical equations, for which invariant mass, which is the mass not considering the mass defect, must balance for each side of the equation. Fission was discovered in 1938 by the German scientists Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner, and Fritz Strassmann, who bombarded a sample of uranium with neutrons in an attempt to produce new elements with Z > 92. Energy is required in order for fission to occur. The principle is similar to adding heat to increase the rate of a chemical reaction. However, the products that formed did not correlate with the properties of elements with higher atomic numbers than uranium (Ra, Ac, Th, and Pa). Write the balanced reaction equation and explain subsequent reactions ... and 2 T can be detected when the sample is subjected to chemical (mass spectrometry) analysis. 1. Like nuclear fission, mass defect also occurs in nuclear fusion reactions which is responsible for the tremendous amount of energy released. Nuclear fission is the splitting of a heavy nucleus into two lighter ones. The particles released can then react with other radioactive materials which in turn will release daughter nucleus and more particles as a result, and so on. Here's a brief sample of some different approaches to fusion. Nuclear stability and nuclear equations (video) | khan academy. Radiation is energy that travels as particles or waves and can be naturally happening or man-made. Here are some other examples: ₁²H + ₁³H → ₂⁴He + ₀¹n. At the extremely high temperatures (10 7 o C = 10 million degrees!) nuclear fusion; fusion reactions and temperature Einstein’s equation: Einstein’s principle of mass-energy equivalence states that if a particle absorbs energy, the mass increases, and when the mass of a system decreases, energy is released. New Jersey: Pearson Education, 2011. Watch the recordings here on Youtube! Visit vedantu.com to read more about the process of nuclear fusion at vedantu.com ₁²H + ₂³He → ₂⁴He + ₁¹H. The unique feature of nuclear fission reactions is that they can be harnessed and used in chain reactions. It is the contrary reaction of fission, where heavy isotopes are split apart. It is the reaction in which 2 atoms of hydrogen combine, or fuse together, to form an atom of helium. Most of the energy radiated from the surface of the sun is produced by the fusion of protons to form helium atoms within its core. When uncontrolled, this process can provide almost unlimited sources of energy and an uncontrolled chain provides the basis for a hydrogen bond, since most commonly hydrogen is fused. Solution: Here is a typical fission equation: Notice: 1) The mass numbers balance (235 + 1 = 90 + 143 + 3). This type of nuclear reaction is called Fusion is the process in which the sun and the stars get their powers. And because it is exothermic, the fusion of light elements is self-sustaining given that there is enough energy to start fusion in the first place. Adding up the individual masses of each of these subatomic particles of any given element will always give you a greater mass than the mass of the nucleus as a whole. The following apply for the nuclear reaction: a + b ↔ R → c in the centre of mass frame, where a and b are the initial species about to collide, c is the final species, and R is the resonant state. By admin | September 12, 2018. Daughter nucleus, energy, and particles such as neutrons are released as a result of the reaction. General Chemistry: Principles & Modern Applications (10th edition). The difference in mass can be attributed to the nuclear binding energy. It is all around us in several forms ranging from radio waves to x-rays to cosmic radiation. That is problematic because it is harder to extract the energy from neutrons compared to charged particles. This fusion has the potential to be a never-ending source of energy. This phenomenon is known as iron peak. The basic fusion reaction to make happen is fusing deuterium such that heavy hydrogen with tritium (or “heavy-heavy hydrogen”) to make helium and a neutron. Instead, they were radioisotopes of much lighter elements such as Sr and Ba. They observed that lighter elements such as barium (Z = 56) were formed during the reaction, and they realized that such products had to originate from the neutron-induced fission of uranium-235: \[_{92}^{235}\textrm U+\,_0^1\textrm n \rightarrow \,_{56}^{141}\textrm{Ba}+\,_{36}^{92}\textrm{Kr}+3_0^1\textrm n \label{21.6.11}\]. ₂³He + ₂³He → ₂⁴He + 2₁¹H. 4. For example: \[ \ce{^2_1H + ^3_1H \rightarrow ^4_2He + ^1_0n} + \text{energy}\]. Have questions or comments? Balancing Equations for Nuclear Reactions The reaction of an α particle with magnesium-25 ([latex]_{12}^{25}\text{Mg}[/latex]) produces a proton and a nuclide of another element. \[ (1.00\;\rm{g}\; \ce{^{235}U} ) \times \left(\dfrac{1\; mol\; \ce{^{235}U}}{235\; g\; \ce{^{235}U}}\right) \times \left(\dfrac{ 6.022 \times 10^{23}\; \text{atoms}\; \ce{^{235}U}}{1\; mol\; \ce{^{235}U}} \right) \times \left(\dfrac{3.20 \times 10^{-11}\; J}{1\; atom \; \ce{^{235}U}}\right) = 8.20 \times 10^{10}\; J\]. Nuclear Fusion Equations Examples. Deuterium-Tritium Fusion. Fusion is the means by which the sun and other stars generate light and heat. Trending Posts. Nuclear Fusion Reactions and the formation of 'heavier elements'. Sometimes this is supplied naturally, from radioactive decay of an element. \\&=-1.693\times10^{13}\textrm{ J/mol}=-1.693\times10^{10}\textrm{ kJ/mol}\end{align}\). Fusion of nuclei with lower mass than iron releases energy while fusion of nuclei heavier than iron generally absorbs energy. __________ is the lightest of all the elements in the periodic element (Ans: Hydrogen). In nuclear physics, nuclear fusion is a nuclear reaction in which two or more atomic nuclei collide at a very high energy and fuse together into a new nucleus., chapter 10: nuclear reactions the equation describing exponential growth is n = b x 2 t where this is an example of nuclear fusion.. Then use Equation 21.6.3 to calculate the change in energy in kilojoules per mole. Example of Nuclear Fission . A)natural transmutation B)artificial transmutation C)nuclear fusion D)nuclear fission 12.Radioactive cobalt-60 is used in radiation therapy treatment. For example, the so-called hydrogen bomb (or H bomb) is actually a deuterium–tritium bomb (a D–T bomb), which uses a nuclear fission reaction to create the very high temperatures needed to initiate fusion of solid lithium deuteride (6LiD), which releases neutrons that then react with 6Li, producing tritium. 2) The atomic (proton numbers) balance (92 = 36 + 56). Clearly, the fission of a small amount of atoms can produce an enormous amount of energy, in the form of warmth and radiation (gamma waves). ₁³H + ₁³H → ₂⁴He + 2₀¹n. If the mass of the fissile isotope is greater than the critical mass, then under the right conditions, the resulting supercritical mass can release energy explosively. Each series of events is called a generation. Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\): Binding energy per nucleon of common isotopes. The difference in mass between the reactants and products is manifested as either the release or the absorption of energy. 3. Fission is the splitting of a nucleus that releases free neutrons and lighter nuclei. Before the reaction there are two hydrogen nuclei (that is, two protons). So technetium-99m is actually used in several medical imaging and diagnostic procedures, because we have ways of measuring the gamma radiation, and so this is very useful in medicine. Nuclear fusion is a reaction in which two or more atomic nuclei are combined to form one or more different atomic nuclei and subatomic particles (neutrons or protons). Nuclear Fission and Atomic Energy. The missing mass emerges as (kinetic) energy according to E = Δmc², where Δm is the change in mass, and c ≈ 3×108 m/s is the speed of light. Fission and fusion involves the dispersal and combination of elemental nucleus and isotopes, and part of nuclear science is to understand the process behind this phenomenon. Explain the term nuclear fusion with an example? Example of Nuclear Fusion For example, the temperature at the … This amount depends on the purity of the material and the shape of the mass, which corresponds to the amount of surface area available from which neutrons can escape, and on the identity of the isotope. Let’s come at it with numbers. Nuclear fusion, in which two light nuclei combine to produce a heavier, more stable nucleus, is the opposite of nuclear fission. 1. Experimentally, it is found that some minimum mass of a fissile isotope is required to sustain a nuclear chain reaction; if the mass is too low, too many neutrons are able to escape without being captured and inducing a fission reaction. The water acts as a heat transfer medium to cool down the reactor and to slow down neutron particles. The subscripts and superscripts are necessary for balancing nuclear equations, but are usually optional in other circumstances. Example: Complete the fission decay equation when uranium-235 splits into xenon-144 and strontium-90. The missing idea in this observation is the concept called nuclear binding energy. Example 1. The consequence of fission or fusion is the absorption or release of energy. Fusion reactions occur in stars where two hydrogen nuclei fuse together under high temperatures and pressure to form a nucleus of a helium isotope. These are examples of nuclear fusion. William E. Stephens. • Identify nuclear reactions as examples of fission or fusion. The spontaneous nuclear fission rate is the probability per second that a given atom will fission spontaneously--that is, without any external intervention. ". Petrucci, Herring, Madura, Bissonnette. Sample exam questions - atomic structure - AQA Solution The nuclear reaction can be written as: Vedantu academic counsellor will be calling you shortly for your Online Counselling session. \[ \ce{_{92}^{235}U + _{1}^{0}n \rightarrow _{92}^{236}U} \rightarrow \; \text{fission products} \]. If absorbed by other 235U nuclei, those neutrons induce additional fission events, and the rate of the fission reaction increases geometrically. The explosion of a bomb only occurs if the chain reaction exceeds its critical mass. B Calculate the change in mass per mole of 235U. Also, the combination of deuterium atoms to form helium atoms fuel this thermonuclear process. Currently, the only method available on Earth to achieve such a temperature is the detonation of a fission bomb. Nuclear Fission Example: 235 92 U + 1 0 n → 90 38 Sr + 143 54 Xe + 3 1 0 n Nuclear Fusion Nuclear fusion is a process in which atomic nuclei are fused together to form heavier nuclei. What’s fusion all about, anyhow? If the neutrons are lost at a faster rate than they are formed by fission, the reaction will not be self-sustaining. Legal. A The change in mass that accompanies the reaction is as follows: The change in energy in electronvolts per atom is as follows: B The change in mass per mole of \(_{92}^{235}\textrm{U}\) is −0.188386 g = −1.88386 × 10−4 kg, so the change in energy in kilojoules per mole is as follows: \(\begin{align}\Delta E&=(\Delta m)c^2=(-1.88386\times10^{-4}\textrm{ kg})(2.998\times10^8\textrm{ m/s})^2 This difference in mass arises due to the difference in atomic binding energy between the nuclei before and after the reaction. In nuclear power plants, nuclear fission is controlled by a medium such as water in the nuclear reactor. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. The enormous energy released from nuclear chain reactions is responsible for the massive destruction caused by the detonation of nuclear weapons such as fission bombs, but it also forms the basis of the nuclear power industry. To calculate the energy released during mass destruction in both nuclear fission and fusion, we use Einstein’s equation that equates energy and mass: Example \(\PageIndex{1}\): Neutron Induced Fission. For example, an alpha particle is a helium nucleus (He) with a charge of +2 and a mass number of 4, so it is symbolized [latex]{}_{2}{}^{4}\text{He}[/latex]. This chain reaction is the basis of nuclear weapons. When an atom splits, each of the two new particles contains roughly half the neutrons and protons of the original nucleus, and in some cases a 2:3 ratio. One of the well known elements used in nuclear fission is \(\ce{^{235}U}\), which when is bombarded with a neutron, the atom turns into \(\ce{^{236}U}\) which is even more unstable and splits into daughter nuclei such as Krypton-92 and Barium-141 and free neutrons. The amount of energy released during nuclear fission is millions of times more efficient per mass than that of coal considering only 0.1 percent of the original nuclei is converted to energy. in the 'heart' of stars the atomic nuclei have such enormous speeds and kinetic energies that on collision they can fuse together - the nuclear process of fusion.. It is through this process that they produce such a mind-boggling amount of heat and energy. As shown in the plot of nuclear binding energy per nucleon versus atomic number in Figure 21.6.3, fusion reactions are most exothermic for the lightest element. "Nuclear Fission vs Nuclear Fusion - Difference and Comparison | Diffen. Pro Lite, Vedantu What is an example of a fusion equation? The equation of the reaction has been given below: The other example of … Nuclear fusion is the joining of two nuclei to form a heavier nuclei. For more information contact us at info@libretexts.org or check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. Fusion Energy Release. Vocabulary • Fission • Fusion • Transmutation • Nuclide Prerequisites The critical mass is the point at which a chain reaction becomes self-sustaining. Nuclear Fusion In each case, the two reactant nuclei give a product that has more mass than either of them. In the method, some of the mass of the hydrogen is converted into energy. Some examples of nuclear fusion reactions are: Nuclear fusion reactions require very high temperature, generally> 106 K in order to overcome electrostatic repulsion between the nuclei when they come together to fuse. Solutions – Definition, Examples, Properties and Types, Vedantu The hydrogen deuterium - tritium (D-T) fusion reaction is used to release the fusion energy. Einstein’s Energy formula is given by ___________. Unless otherwise noted, LibreTexts content is licensed by CC BY-NC-SA 3.0. The LibreTexts libraries are Powered by MindTouch® and are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. 0 Comment. Tritium can be produced by combining the fusion neutron with ample of light metal lithium. or beta particles. General Chemistry: Principles & Modern Applications (9th edition). The reason is because the nucleus contain protons, and in order to overcome electrostatic repulsion by the protons of both the hydrogen atoms, both of the hydrogen nucleus needs to accelerate at a super high speed and get close enough in order for the nuclear force to start fusion. Protons and neutrons make up a nucleus, which is the foundation of nuclear science. New Jersey: Pearson Education, 2007. We saw in the post on nuclear fission that allowing a heavy nucleus like uranium to split into two comparable pieces resulted in the sum of the resultant masses being less than the initial mass. A necessary part in nuclear fusion is plasma, which is a mixture of atomic nuclei and electrons that are required to initiate a self-sustaining reaction which requires a temperature of more than 40,000,000 K. Why does it take so much heat to achieve nuclear fusion even for light elements such as hydrogen? Calculate the amount of energy (in electronvolts per atom and kilojoules per mole) released when deuterium and tritium fuse to give helium-4 and a neutron: ΔE = −17.6 MeV/atom = −1.697 × 109 kJ/mol. A Following the method used in Example 21.6.1, calculate the change in mass that accompanies the reaction. In fact, fusion reactions are the power sources for all stars, including our sun. Nuclear Fusion (Worksheet) - Solutions Last updated; ... but most literature gives the reaction equation this way. Fusion reactions have … Nuclear Fusion is a nuclear process, where the energy is generated by smashing together light atoms. The fusion reaction of deuterium and tritium is particularly interesting because of its potential of providing energy for the future. The pressure at the core of any star is tremendously high and that is where the nuclear fusion reaction takes place. A large amount of energy is released by nuclear fusion reactions.It seems that for power generation, the deuterium-tritium reaction is the most practical, but it provides most of the energy to the released neutron. This way, the neutron emission and usage is a controlled. Convert this value to the change in energy in electronvolts per atom. Basically, nuclear binding energy is considered as mass, and that mass becomes "missing". The amount of mass lost in the fission process is equivalent to an energy of \(3.20 \times 10^{-11}\; J\). The fusion of four protons to form a helium nucleus, two positrons (and two neutrinos), for example, generates 24.7 MeV of energy. For example, the so-called hydrogen bomb (or H bomb) is actually a deuterium–tritium bomb (a D–T bomb), which uses a nuclear fission reaction to create the very high temperatures needed to initiate fusion of solid lithium deuteride (6 LiD), which releases neutrons that then react with 6 … Nuclear fusion is also applied in nuclear weapons, specifically, a hydrogen bomb. 11.In how many days will a 12-gram sample of decay, leaving a total of 1.5 grams of the original isotope? The reaction is followed either by a release or absorption of energy. This barrier can be overcome if one or both particles have sufficient kinetic energy to overcome the electrostatic repulsions, allowing the two nuclei to approach close enough for a fusion reaction to occur. The original concept of this nuclei splitting was discovered by Enrico Femi in 1934—who believed transuranium elements might be produced by bombarding uranium with neutrons, because the loss of Beta particles would increase the atomic number. Nuclear Reactions, Nuclear Fission and Nuclear Fusion Problems and Solutions 2 Problem#1 At the beginning of Section 43.7 the equation of a fission process is given in which 235 U is struck by a neutron and undergoes fission to produce 144 Ba, 89 Kr, and three neutrons.

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