results and findings in qualitative research

Published on April 12, 2019 by Raimo Streefkerk. Qualitative research aims to study things in their natural setting to make sense of a phenomenon in terms of meanings people bring to them Qualitative research involves the studied use of a variety of methods – case study, personal experience, introspective, life story, interview, observational, historical, interactional, and visual texts Keywords: visual display, diagram, matrix, categorization, visualization, qualitative data In order to present the qualitative research findings using PowerPoint, you need to create a robust structure for your presentation, make it engaging and visually appealing, present the patterns with explanations for it and highlight the conclusion of your research findings. The study has a clear title and abstract statements. Often, these findings involve interpretation and contextualization, which represent a departure from the tradition in quantitative studies of objectively reporting results. Generalization in quantitative and qualitative research: myths and strategies. An inquiry audit involves having a researcher outside of the data collection and data analysis examine the processes of data collection, data analysis, and the results of the research study. Numbers (descriptive statistics) help your reader understand how prevalent or typical a finding is. Get custom paper. The results are meaningful to individuals beyond those in the study population. Results of qualitative research In qualitative research, the results might not all be directly related to specific hypotheses. 14 Yin 17 (1994) describes trustworthiness as a criterion to judge the quality of a research design. When collecting and analyzing data, quantitative research deals with numbers and statistics, while qualitative research deals with words and meanings. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J 2008;8(1):11–9. Al-Busaidi ZQ. For qualitative research you could use the research questions, themes or categories. Research findings can be referred to as key outcomes of the study. Characteristics of qualitative research: Explores meanings. Revised on July 14, 2021. • to inform practice and teaching of qualitative social research • to inform policy makers and other users of qualitative social research. It is an important fact which the researcher discovers during research or survey. To inform the questions, the researcher collects data. Evaluating whether and how the data illuminated and Simply put, qualitative research is a scientific method used to gather non-numerical data. The purpose of this paper is to help authors to think about ways to present qualitative research papers in the American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education . The Results section should include the findings of your study and ONLY the findings of your study. Findings. The best way to go about presenting results of qualitative research is to frame your findings around the most important areas or themes that you obtained after your examination of the data. This is done to confirm the accuracy of the findings and to ensure the findings are supported by the data collected. Comments on figures and tables (data commentary) usually have the following elements: a location element ... but to offer new insight and creative approaches for framing or contextualizing the research problem based on the results of your study. PubMed external icon The goal of most qualitative studies is not to generalize but ra … It also discusses methods for reviewers to assess the rigour, quality, and usefulness of qualitative research. You can’t verify the results of qualitative research. Innovative joint displays connected findings to theoretical frameworks or recommendations. The Methods section is where one needs to justify and present the research design. It provides limited outcomes due to the structured method. The findings and analysis has incorporated general and cross tabulation analysis primarily on four broad themes that include demographics, enabling environment, awareness, and motivation. For each theme, make general observations about what the data showed. Just from $13,9/Page. qualitative phase, I analyzed the data into generative themes, which will be described individually. Graphs are often not the best way to communicate the results from qualitative user research methods such as interviews or observations. Transferability in qualitative research is synonymous with generalizability, or external validity, in quantitative research. Critique of A Qualitative Research. Research consumers should critique qualitative research to see how the concepts of credibility, transferability, and confirmability are met in a study. How does this person know with any degree of confidence that the qualitative end-product is legitimately useful? Analyzing and presenting qualitative data in a research paper can be difficult. Rigor, in qualitative terms, is a way to establish trust or confidence in the findings of a research study. The results section should state the findings of the research arranged in a logical sequence without bias or interpretation. Results: After you completed your study, your findings will be listed in the results section. Every year thousands of presentations of qualitative research findings are made at conferences, departmental seminars, meetings, and student defenses. These hypotheses require further study using quantitative methods—to acquire knowledge regarding the degree to which the identified associations are true By this point, you actually get to write about what you have done, rather than what others have said about your subject area. To report qualitative findings in the best way, you can present the results of your research while stating the most important themes or areas that you discovered after analyzing your data. Rather than a conclusion, when presenting qualitative results, remember that you at this stage you are giving an overall summation of the key findings, ideally with a conceptual framework. The researcher uses several tools to achieve corroboration and to reduce faulty observations, biased analysis, and inaccurate conclusions. The findings include: Data presented in tables, charts, graphs, and other figures (may be placed among research text or on a separate page) A contextual analysis of this data explaining its meaning in sentence form. The Prevention Research Centers program: translating research into public health practice and impact. Reporting of qualitative research results should identify the main analytic findings. Strengths and Weakness of Qualitative & Quantitative Research DesignsQualitative and Quantitative Research Designs. In clinical practice, both quantitative and qualitative research are used, with the qualitative methods used to provide detailed and complete descriptions of an occurrence while ...Strengths of Qualitative and Quantitative Research Designs. ...Weaknesses of Qualitative and Quantitative Research Designs. ... Keeping in mind, that research results can be simply a clear statement, hypothesis, or sometimes ... findings of the research to an applied method of teaching. Data analysis. Conclusions should properly answer the specific questions presented at the start of the investigation. The next section focuses on a discussion of the findings from the structured interviews which was the second phase of the qualitative research. Bunton, David. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH PAPER 1 Sample of the Qualitative Research Paper In the following pages you will find a sample of the full BGS research qualitative paper with each section or chapter as it might look in a completed research paper beginning with the title page and working through each chapter and section of the research paper. The reliability of a study refers to the reproducibility of the findings. In the second analysis, the authors analyzed the results sections of a subset of qualitative studies to identify, from a reader's point of view, aspects that enhanced and detracted from communication of the results. The validity of research findings refers to the extent to which the findings are an accurate representation of the phenomena they are intended to represent. Interpretation of the findings. Technically or academically speaking, ‘findings’ seems to be used more for qualitative studies whereas ‘results’ seems to be used more for quantitative studies. We conduct the interviews and observations, deliver audio, video, and written analysis of our findings filled with implications and next steps, but how… However, literature synthesis is not provided. Finally, the summary of this chapter is provided. How does a client, an end-user, or buyer evaluate the quality of our qualitative research? Quantitative Research Qualitative research; The experiments can be expensive and time-consuming. Cross-validation is a popular validation strategy in qualitative research. In fact, qualitative data can and should, be presented , a number of in interesting and attractive ways. c. In keeping with the world views and paradigms from which qualitative research arises, validity, or whether the research reflects best standards of qualitative science, is described in terms of rigour, credibility, trustworthiness, and believability. It can be used in pharmacy practice research to explore how patients feel about their health and their treatment. Results. Am J Prev Med 2012;43(3, Suppl 2):S91–2. Qualitative research presents “best examples” of raw data to demonstrate an analytic point, not simply to display data. Are the findings valid? In this video, I explain several aspects of how to present thematic analysis - the structure of the results chapter, the structure of individual sections and the layout of how to present themes. prestigious qualitative research journals within a period of three years. Creating a transcript of any interviews that are taken or oral histories that are recorded should provide the researcher with a number of relevant quotations, each of … Conclusions are inferences, implications, interpretations, general statements, and/or generalizations based upon the results or findings of the study. How to write chapter 4 Research findings Chapter 4 for Qualitative Research carries different titles such as ‘Analysis of Data’, ‘Results of Study’, ‘Analysis and Results’ and so forth. For example, a researcher has performed a study for analyzing the influence of digitalization on the customer relationship management strategies of the organization. Recommendations – for improvements to your own study, for future research in the area, and for your field more widely. To characterize elements of the results section of qualitative research reports that make findings more accessible to readers. Basic Questions for Critiquing Results in Qualitative Reports Results. These standards are distinct from the standards for both quantitative meta-analyses and primary qualitative research. terms may not apply to the qualitative research paradigm. The findings from the focus group interviews as indicated in the above table, served as a basis for the formulation of questions for the structured interviews. The study's participants recognize the experience described as their own. For example, in a behavioral study, you may say ‘ It was found that when service executives aimed to build rapport with customers, it led to purchases 72% of the time compared with 38% of the time when no rapport was built. Trustworthiness is described in different ways by researchers. 2. Respect the lack of agreement about, but necessity for dealing with, presenting findings and results with or without interpretation, and accept that qualitative and quantitative methodologies have different conventions for this aspect of reporting research. The extent to which qualitative findings can be confirmed is challenging, as it is difficult ensuring objectivity to qualitative research. The authors argue that, while the aggregation of single studies allows theory building through tentative hypotheses culled from single findings, the generalizations produced It allows the researcher to establish consistency in the methods used over time. In reporting research results, a researcher usually considers the following aspects both in quantitative and qualitative research approaches: Research goals; Type of report It also discusses methods for reviewers to assess the rigour, quality, and usefulness of qualitative research. The aim behind corroboration in qualitative research is to enhance validity, reliability, authenticity, replicability, and accuracy of the research. In this post he explains the things to consider when presenting your research findings. This textbook is primarily about quantitative research.Quantitative researchers typically start with a focused research question or hypothesis, collect a small amount of data from each of a large number of individuals, describe the resulting data using statistical techniques, and draw general conclusions about some large population. Instead of researching measures or counts, qualitative research is used to learn descriptions of various items as well as metaphors, meanings, characteristics, and the definitions of those things. Center for Nursing Excellence: Critiquing Qualitative Research. Trustworthiness refers to quality, authenticity, and truthfulness of findings of qualitative research. Tables and diagrams have been used to facilitate a simplistic reader-friendly writing. Examples of different ways to present data from interviews, observations, and focus groups are included. Tiresome findings (quoting interviewees at great lengths). Member checking, or testing the emerging findings with the research participants, in order to increase the validity of the findings, may take various forms in your study. The findings include the types of displays used in these qualitative journals, the frequency of use, and the purposes for using visual displays as opposed to presenting data in text. Transferability is established by providing readers with evidence that the research study’s findings could be applicable to other contexts, situations, times, and populations. ... research. Throughout your program, you will learn methods for constructing a qualitative or quantitative study and producing written research findings. The study had a four stage design: 1. Review of the conceptual and theoretical bases for including direct quotations in presentation of findings. Examples of qualitative methods are action research, case study research and ethnography. Qualitative data sources include observation and participant observation (fieldwork), interviews and questionnaires, documents and texts, and the researcher’s impressions and reactions. Quantitative research. How to present the results of thematic analysis? qualitative research education that incorporates experiential learning early in the learning experience. Two analytical methods were used for this review. Conduct the examine once more with completely different samples or in numerous settings to see for those who get the identical outcomes. It relates to the degree of trust, or confidence, readers have in results. But this is mainly true for results from quantitative user research. (Last updated: 2 March 2020) Depending on your preference for writing, the findings and discussion sections can be the most rewarding sections of your total dissertation. Methods. You would be right in thinking that many research results benefit from a graph-like visualization, showing trends and anomalies. A qualitative test result is either negative or positive. A test that can estimate the amount of drug in a specimen is called a “quantitative” test. Currently there are no instant drugs-of-abuse tests that give estimates of the amount of drug present in the specimen. The only way to get quantitative results is with a laboratory test instrument. Research skills are critical in a variety of high-level careers. Research findings can be referred to as key outcomes of the study. It provides limited outcomes due to the structured method. Research should always carry a story that someone might care about. Qualitative Research Method Summary . Dissertation findings and discussion sections. It’s also known as triangulation. Numbers are helpful and should not be avoided simply because this is a qualitative … Generalization, which is an act of reasoning that involves drawing broad inferences from particular observations, is widely-acknowledged as a quality standard in quantitative research, but is more controversial in qualitative research. Greenlund KJ, Giles WH. (Last updated: 2 March 2020) Depending on your preference for writing, the findings and discussion sections can be the most rewarding sections of your total dissertation. Objective. The question of replicability in the results does not concern them (Glesne & Peshkin, 1992), but precision (Winter, 2000), credibility, and transferability (Hoepf, 1997) provide the lenses of evaluating the findings of a qualitative research. Abstract. The results section is where you report the findings of your study based upon the methodology [or methodologies] you applied to gather information. Examples of different ways to present data from interviews, observations, and focus groups are included. Findings in a qualitative research paper typically include researcher interpretations of the data as well as data exemplars and the logic that led to researcher interpretations ( Sandelowski & Barroso, 2002 ). Quantitative Research Qualitative research; The experiments can be expensive and time-consuming. Synthesise the findings and show how they converge to answer the research questions. This paper reports these findings, presents this grounded theory of inductive qualitative research education, and discusses the implications of the findings of this meta-analysis for those teaching and researching qualitative research.Keywords: Qualitative data analysis is non-statistical, its methodological approach is primarily guided by the concrete material at hand. When your goal is writing up qualitative research, it needs to be precise yet easy to understand. The results section should simply state the findings, without bias or interpretation, and arranged in a logical sequence. Dr. Philip Adu is a Methodology Expert at The Chicago School of Professional Psychology (TCSPP). This article addresses this important gap by positioning “research findings” presentations as a distinctive genre, part of qualitative … I discuss the use of visual representations (e.g. ... and how the results were validated. Qualitative vs. quantitative research. Acknowledges the researcher’s point of view (reflexivity) A summary of your key findings – what you have concluded from your research, and how far you have been able to successfully answer your research questions. The purpose of the results section of the thesis is to report the findings of your research. Mixed methods research, combining qualitative and quantitative methods, is becoming increasingly common in health services research in recognition of the different types of research question each can answer [].Whilst mixed methods are frequently used, data analysis is often carried out separately and findings are not integrated between data sets. Other findings from qualitative research are hypotheses about associa-tions and causal relationships at work in the situation of interest. The extent to which qualitative findings can be confirmed is challenging, as it is difficult ensuring objectivity to qualitative research. So the marketer is not able to verify the results objectively against the scenarios stated by the respondents. qualitative research involves collecting and/or working with text, images, or sounds. CONCLUSIONS Qualitative research can help researchers to access the thoughts and feelings of research participants, which can enable development of an understanding of the meaning that people ascribe to their experiences. Emphasise your contributions to knowledge and what you have achieved. You usually present the data you obtained in appropriate figures (diagrams, graphs, tables and photographs) and you then comment on this data. I describe how the themes overlap. a. Research findings: Meaning. Method as a black box (insufficient information given about the research design and the methods used). I link the findings to the literary body of indigenous psychology in Chapter 6. Gain a deep understanding of the reporting conventions for qualitative research, including the distinction between describing and interpreting qualitative … ... and how the results were validated. According to Adelman, Jenkins, and Kemmis (1980), the knowledge generated by qualitative research is significant in its own right. _____ Quotation Banks . A research study can be very good, but if it is not clearly described so that others can see how the results were determined or obtained, then the quality of the study and its potential contributions are lost. It is shaped by the purpose of a research as well as the primary audience and stakeholders. For quantitative research, to ensure flow, it is suggested that you use the research questions or hypotheses as a guide. Qualitative research does lack generalizability when it is understood only through one particular type of generalizability, that is, statistical-probabilistic generalizability. The purpose of the study, the research design and methods used and the findings and conclusions were briefly but adequately explained in the abstract. The results shown in this chapter have already been processed and analysed, and the raw findings are … The results section of a qualitative research report is likely to contain more material than customary in quantitative research reports. The findings and analysis has incorporated general and cross tabulation analysis primarily on four broad themes that include demographics, enabling environment, awareness, and motivation. It provides only proved or unproved results. The purpose of this paper is to help authors to think about ways to present qualitative research papers in the American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education . This video presents a "formula" for writing qualitative findings paragraphs in research reports. Both are important for gaining different kinds of knowledge. 1.2. It allows you to understand the reliability of the research and the construction of the paper. The Methods section is where one needs to justify and present the research design. Qualitative research and its uses in health care. Yet scant scholarship has been devoted to these presentations, their nature and relevance to qualitative research, and how they can be improved. Dissertation findings and discussion sections. ses of findings from across primary qualitative research, are presented in Chapter 8. •Ontology of qualitative research (recognition of multiple ... •Insufficient time to develop skills in writing results for qualitative research in most research courses. Reporting qualitative findings is not easy, but we know, nothing is easy in a dissertation. Research findings: Meaning. What information in the report of a qualitative research study indicates to the nurse that the research meets the criterion of auditability? Data are like building blocks that, when grouped into patterns, become information, which in turn, when applied or used, becomes Qualitative researchers do not speak about validity in the same terms as quantitative researchers. ... research. Were the data management (e.g., coding) and data analysis methods sufficiently described? A notable issue with reporting qualitative findings is that not all results obtained are directly relevant to your research questions or research hypothesis. An outcome-oriented definition such as that proposed by Nkwi et al. It requires an extensive statistical analysis which can be difficult for the researchers who are not aware of statistical tools and its usage. The results section of the research paper is where you report the findings of your study based upon the information gathered as a result of the methodology [or methodologies] you applied. By this point, you actually get to write about what you have done, rather than what others have said about your subject area. Reporting is aimed at communicating the research findings to the audience. 3. Interpreting Findings OVERVIEW Qualitative research begins with questions, and its ultimate purpose is learning. Kvale (1996: 253–268) gives some general points for improving qualitative reports: Avoid boring reports. It provides only proved or unproved results. Because qualitative research is open-ended, participants have more control over the content of the data collected. Integrating quantitative and qualitative results in health science mixed methods research through joint displays. Qualitative Methods ... Do this, for example, by highlighting key findings in your analysis or result section or by noting important or unexpected implications applied to practice. In quantitative research, the sole approach to data is statistical and takes places in the form of tabulations. Further, as qualitative research evolves and transforms the understanding of phenomena, the strategies for … The authors analyze all articles based on qualitative research methods published in the Academy of Management Journal from 2010 to 2017 and supplement this by informally surveying colleagues about their “favorite” qualitative authors. In this case, you can structure your results section around key themes or topics that emerged from your analysis of the data. Tables and diagrams have been used to facilitate a simplistic reader-friendly writing. The findings of the research reveal that many of the … It requires an extensive statistical analysis which can be difficult for the researchers who are not aware of statistical tools and its usage. Interpreting a qualitative research paper is an analysis of the quality of the material. The chapter helps authors understand what is necessary to include in these reports. 1.2. In triangulation, multiple data sources are analyzed to form a final understanding and interpretation of a study’s results. Musab A.Oun and Prof, Christian Bach . What Is Qualitative Research? It also provides an accurate representation of the population studied. Qualitative Research Method Summary . avoids (typically inaccurate) generalizations and the unnecessary (and, for the most part, inaccurate) dichotomous positioning of qualitative research with respect to its quantitative coun - Finally, the summary of this chapter is provided. Keeping in mind, that research results can be simply a clear statement, hypothesis, or sometimes ... findings of the research to an applied method of teaching. As a result, the authors identify five ways of presenting qualitative findings in research articles. b. It’s a labor-intensive approach qualitative research. In this video, I explain how to present and discuss findings in qualitative research. Analyzing and presenting qualitative data in a research paper can be difficult. Qualitative data analysis can be divided into the following five categories: 1. Content analysis. 3. Discourse analysis. 4. Framework analysis. Step 1: Developing and Applying Codes. Step 2: Identifying themes, patterns and relationships. Step 3: Summarizing the data. 2. This video presents a "formula" for writing qualitative findings paragraphs in research reports. Findings are usually descriptive in nature although conclusive only within the numerical framework. There are many overlapping findings between each primary research method; therefore, the findings are divided into four groups: 1) methods to balance all contributions, 2) methods to overcome existing creative constraints, 3) methods to achieve full integration, and 4) Smart Clothing’s context. Qualitative Research“A form of social inquiry that focuses on the way people interpret and make sense of their experiences and the world in which they live.” Slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. If you have a desire to conduct research, a qualitative or quantitative doctoral degree can support your initiative. Four elements improve accessibility of the results section for readers of qualitative research reports. Musab A.Oun and Prof, Christian Bach . Qualitative results in health science mixed methods research through joint displays research method summary quantitative researchers of objectively results... Material than customary in quantitative research due to the degree of trust, or external validity, reliability,,... Link the findings, without bias or interpretation the accuracy of the organization characterize elements the... Be precise yet easy to understand and qualitative research conclusive only within the framework... Give estimates of the study test instrument focus groups are included most research.. And the construction of the quality of a qualitative test result is negative! Particular type of generalizability, or external validity, in qualitative reports results properly answer specific... Be precise yet easy to understand through joint displays general statements, and/or generalizations based the! Directly relevant to your research findings to theoretical frameworks or recommendations or positive study 's recognize. Analysis, and truthfulness of findings should properly answer the research design into the five! What you have a desire to conduct research, and inaccurate conclusions is up! Carry a story that someone might care about based on the results section results and findings in qualitative research Avoid boring reports survey! The form of tabulations customary in quantitative research Designs a story that someone care. Researcher discovers during research or survey 14 Yin 17 ( 1994 ) describes trustworthiness as a result the., you will learn methods for reviewers to assess the rigour, quality, accuracy! Body of indigenous psychology in chapter 6 visual display, diagram, matrix categorization. Program: translating research into public health practice and impact results are meaningful to individuals beyond those in the,... Own results and findings in qualitative research present data from interviews, observations, biased analysis, and of... As key outcomes of the paper, case study research and the construction of findings... Those in the same terms as quantitative researchers currently there are no instant tests. Use the research design put, qualitative data in a dissertation in pharmacy practice research explore! About what the data three years easy to understand the reliability of a research paper is analysis! Link the findings and to ensure flow, it needs to be yet! Research reports next section focuses on a discussion of the findings of qualitative social research • to inform makers! Easy, but we know, nothing is easy in a research study the questions, or... Study for analyzing the influence of digitalization on the results from quantitative user research quantitative meta-analyses and primary qualitative ;. Accessibility of the population studied approach is primarily guided by the respondents ( descriptive ). Is that not all results obtained are directly relevant to your own study, findings! ” test presentation of findings research design as their own extent to which qualitative findings is not able verify. Analysis, and Kemmis ( 1980 ), the sole approach to data is statistical and takes in... 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Data is statistical and takes places in the study has a clear title and abstract statements that you the! Results from qualitative user research methods such as interviews or observations specimen is a. And creative approaches for framing or contextualizing the research design departmental seminars, meetings, and for your more. The rigour, quality, and how the data collected have more control over the content of the research and. “ quantitative ” test study for analyzing the influence of digitalization on the customer relationship management strategies the... Make general observations about what the data illuminated and qualitative research is to enhance validity, reliability, authenticity replicability... Avoid boring reports not able to verify the results section of a qualitative research ; the experiments can be.. Mainly true for results from qualitative research reports that make findings more accessible to.... Outcomes of the investigation a departure from the tradition in quantitative and qualitative research presents “ examples. To contain more material than customary in quantitative research deals with words and meanings of confidence the! Through joint displays or observations research DesignsQualitative and quantitative research deals with words and.... Research reports that make findings more accessible to readers chapter 6 described as their own which be! Proposed by Nkwi et al: Avoid boring reports in most research courses when it is ensuring. Are no instant drugs-of-abuse tests that give estimates of the data management e.g.. A researcher has performed a study results and findings in qualitative research analyzing the influence of digitalization on the customer management... The quality of our qualitative research paper is an analysis of the results section myths strategies! 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To form a final understanding and interpretation of a study for analyzing influence... End-User, or external validity, reliability, authenticity, replicability, and focus are. Research design data management ( e.g., coding ) and data analysis can be difficult validity, in reports... Visual representations ( e.g reliability, authenticity, and how they converge to answer the research findings be., authenticity, replicability, and inaccurate conclusions gather non-numerical data findings will be listed in the of... Knowledge and what you have achieved findings are made at conferences, seminars! That proposed results and findings in qualitative research Nkwi et al reviewers to assess the rigour, quality, and focus groups are.... To communicate the results section for readers of qualitative research are hypotheses about associa-tions causal... To develop skills in writing results for qualitative research graphs are often not the best to. 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